House Leaders Want to Keep a Law for Watching Foreign Messages

A2

House Leaders Want to Keep a Law for Watching Foreign Messages

Introduction

House leaders have a new plan to keep a law called Section 702. This law lets the government watch messages from people in other countries without asking a judge. The law will end on April 30. The leaders want to keep it for three more years. But many people in the government are angry. They say the new plan does not stop the government from watching Americans without permission.

Main Body

The law lets the government collect messages from people in other countries. But sometimes the government also collects messages from Americans. The FBI used this law to watch protesters, people giving money to politicians, and even some members of Congress. Many people think this is wrong. The new plan has seven parts. One part says the FBI must write a letter every month to explain why it watches an American. But the office gets the letters. It has few workers and cannot stop the FBI. Another part says people can go to jail for five years if they break the rules. But experts say it is hard to prove someone broke the rules. Another part says the government must follow the Fourth Amendment. But that is already the law. A leader said this part is a 'trick' to make people think the plan is good. Representative Himes says he supports the plan. He says he has not seen any bad use of the law. But many Democrats and Republicans do not agree. Some people in his district want him to stop being a leader. They say he is helping the government watch Americans without permission. Other leaders say they will vote against the plan. They do not trust the current government.

Conclusion

The plan to keep the law is in trouble. Many people in the government do not like it. The deadline is April 30. Time is short. Representative Himes is trying to get more support, but it is not easy.

Vocabulary Learning

government (n.)
ruling group / the group of people who control a country政府
Example:This law lets the government watch messages from people in other countries.
judge (n.)
court official / a person who decides in a court of law法官
Example:The law lets the government watch messages without asking a judge.
law (n.)
rule / a rule made by a government that people must follow法律
Example:The leaders want to keep a law called Section 702.
messages (n.)
notes or texts / information sent from one person to another, like emails or texts訊息;信息
Example:The law lets the government collect messages from people in other countries.
plan (n.)
idea / an idea for doing something in the future計劃
Example:House leaders have a new plan to keep a law called Section 702.

Sentence Learning

The law will end on April 30.
Time Marker: The phrase 'on April 30' tells us when the law will end. It is a prepositional phrase showing time.片語『on April 30』告訴我們法律何時終止。這是一個表示時間的介詞片語。
But many people in the government are angry.
Contrast Connector: The word 'But' connects two ideas and shows a contrast. The phrase 'in the government' tells us where the people are.單詞『But』連接兩個想法並顯示對比。片語『in the government』告訴我們這些人在哪裡。
The FBI used this law to watch protesters, people giving money to politicians, and even some members of Congress.
Connector: The word 'and' connects three items in a list. It shows addition.單詞『and』連接列表中的三個項目。它表示添加。
Another part says people can go to jail for five years if they break the rules.
Conditional Connector: The word 'if' introduces a condition. It shows that something happens only when the condition is true.單詞『if』引入一個條件。它表示只有當條件為真時某事才會發生。
Some people in his district want him to stop being a leader.
Prepositional Phrase: The phrase 'in his district' tells us where the people are. It is a prepositional phrase giving location.片語『in his district』告訴我們這些人在哪裡。這是一個表示地點的介詞片語。
B2

House Bill to Renew Section 702 Surveillance Faces Doubts from Both Parties and Internal Disagreements

Introduction

House leaders have released a compromise bill to extend Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) for three years. This comes after a simple 18-month extension failed last week. The bill aims to prevent the program from expiring on April 30. It includes several oversight measures, but critics say these are mostly superficial and do not change the core power to search Americans' communications without a warrant. Representative Jim Himes, the top Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, is trying to get Democratic support. However, he faces growing opposition from progressives and civil liberties groups who think the bill is not enough.

Main Body

The Section 702 program allows federal agents to collect foreign intelligence communications without a warrant. However, it has become controversial because of reports that the FBI used it to monitor racial justice protesters, political donors, journalists, and even members of Congress. Oversight measures that previously limited such abuses have been removed under the current administration. For example, the FBI's Office of Internal Auditing was closed in May last year. The new bill, released after Speaker Mike Johnson failed to pass a simple extension, contains seven sections that claim to add restrictions. Section 2 requires the FBI to give monthly written explanations to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence for any search using an American identifier. However, that office has fewer staff, no power to issue subpoenas, and cannot stop searches. Section 3 introduces criminal penalties of up to five years for knowingly violating query rules. Legal experts note that this standard is historically hard to prove and would not cover past abuses blamed on poor training. Section 4, called 'Fourth Amendment Requirement for Targeting United States Persons,' simply repeats existing rules. A senior Democratic aide described it as a 'legislative scam' meant to mislead members. Section 5 directs the attorney general to update rules on congressional access to the secret FISA court, but the provision is not automatic. Section 6 removes the authority of FBI supervisors to approve queries and gives that decision to attorneys who are now at-will employees and can be fired easily. Section 7 orders a Government Accountability Office audit within a year, but the audit is nonbinding and depends on cooperation from intelligence agencies. Representative Himes has defended his support for the bill, saying he has seen 'zero evidence of abuse' of Section 702 under the current administration and that the program is the most carefully overseen foreign intelligence tool. He has reached out to both parties, but House Intelligence Chair Rick Crawford downplayed Himes's role, noting that Republican leaders are taking a partisan approach. Himes has also worked with Representative Jamie Raskin on backup plans that could attract more Democratic support, such as passing the bill under suspension of the rules, which requires a two-thirds majority. However, Speaker Johnson's failed overnight vote last week encouraged Democrats to withhold support. In Himes's district, a coalition of Connecticut organizations has called for his resignation as ranking member, accusing him of helping to keep warrantless surveillance. A primary challenger, Joseph Perez-Caputo, has led protests against Himes's position. Other House Democrats, including Representative Stephen Lynch and Progressive Caucus Chair Greg Casar, have said they will vote against reauthorization without meaningful protections, citing distrust of the administration. Senator Ron Wyden described the bill as a 'rubber stamp' for warrantless surveillance. Former Republican House Judiciary Chair Bob Goodlatte noted that the bill's main provision simply restates conduct already illegal, but he expressed hope that the 228 members who opposed a simple extension last week show continued opposition.

Conclusion

The reauthorization bill for Section 702 remains uncertain, with doubts from both parties and internal disagreements. The April 30 deadline adds urgency, but the current legislation faces strong opposition from progressives, civil liberties advocates, and some Republicans who see the reforms as insufficient. Representative Himes continues to argue for the bill as a necessary national security measure, but his efforts have not yet created a clear path to passage.

Vocabulary Learning

compromise (n.)
settlement / an agreement reached by each side giving up something妥協;折衷方案
Example:House leaders have released a compromise bill to extend Section 702.
controversial (adj.)
disputed / giving rise to public disagreement or debate有爭議的
Example:it has become controversial because of reports that the FBI used it to monitor racial justice protesters.
oversight (n.)
supervision / the action of overseeing or monitoring something監督;監管
Example:It includes several oversight measures.
restate (v.)
reiterate / to state something again or in a different way重申;重新陳述
Example:the bill's main provision simply restates conduct already illegal.
superficial (adj.)
shallow / existing only on the surface; not thorough or deep表面的;膚淺的
Example:critics say these are mostly superficial and do not change the core power.

Sentence Learning

Oversight measures that previously limited such abuses have been removed under the current administration.
This sentence uses a relative clause ('that previously limited such abuses') to specify which oversight measures, and passive voice ('have been removed') to emphasize the action rather than the agent.此句使用關係從句(that previously limited such abuses)來具體說明哪些監督措施,並使用被動語態(have been removed)來強調動作而非施動者。
The new bill, released after Speaker Mike Johnson failed to pass a simple extension, contains seven sections that claim to add restrictions.
The relative clause 'that claim to add restrictions' describes the seven sections, providing additional information. The past participle phrase 'released after...' also acts as a reduced relative clause.關係從句「that claim to add restrictions」描述了七個章節,提供附加信息。過去分詞短語「released after...」也充當縮減的關係從句。
Section 6 removes the authority of FBI supervisors to approve queries and gives that decision to attorneys who are now at-will employees and can be fired easily.
The relative clause 'who are now at-will employees and can be fired easily' modifies 'attorneys', giving details about their employment status.關係從句「who are now at-will employees and can be fired easily」修飾「attorneys」,說明其僱傭狀況。
He has reached out to both parties, but House Intelligence Chair Rick Crawford downplayed Himes's role, noting that Republican leaders are taking a partisan approach.
The conjunction 'but' introduces a contrast between Himes's efforts to reach out and Crawford's downplaying of his role.連詞「but」引出對比:希姆斯努力接觸各方,而克勞福德則淡化他的角色。
The April 30 deadline adds urgency, but the current legislation faces strong opposition from progressives, civil liberties advocates, and some Republicans who see the reforms as insufficient.
The relative clause 'who see the reforms as insufficient' describes 'some Republicans', and 'but' contrasts the urgency of the deadline with the strong opposition.關係從句「who see the reforms as insufficient」描述「一些共和黨人」,而「but」對比了截止日期的緊迫性與強烈反對。
C2

House Legislation to Reauthorize Section 702 FISA Surveillance Authority Faces Bipartisan Skepticism and Internal Divisions

Introduction

House leaders have released a negotiated bill to extend Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) for three years, following the failure of a clean 18-month extension last week. The legislation, which aims to prevent the program’s expiration on April 30, includes several oversight provisions that critics argue are largely cosmetic and leave intact the core authority for warrantless searches of Americans’ communications. Representative Jim Himes, the ranking Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee, is leading efforts to secure Democratic support but faces mounting opposition from progressives and civil liberties groups who view the bill as insufficient.

Main Body

The Section 702 program permits federal agents to collect foreign intelligence communications without a warrant, but it has become increasingly controversial due to revelations that the FBI used it to surveil racial justice protesters, political donors, journalists, and sitting members of Congress. Oversight mechanisms that previously curtailed such abuses have been dismantled under the current administration, including the closure of the FBI’s Office of Internal Auditing in May of the previous year. The new bill, released after Speaker Mike Johnson’s failed attempt to pass a clean extension, contains seven sections that purport to impose additional constraints. Section 2 requires the FBI to provide monthly written justifications to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence for any query using an American identifier, but the receiving office has fewer staff, no subpoena power, and no authority to suppress queries. Section 3 introduces criminal penalties of up to five years for knowingly and willfully violating query rules, a standard that legal experts note is historically difficult to prosecute and would not cover past documented abuses attributed to inadequate training. Section 4, titled “Fourth Amendment Requirement for Targeting United States Persons,” merely restates existing prohibitions, leading a senior Democratic aide to describe it as a “legislative scam” designed to mislead members. Section 5 directs the attorney general to revise rules on congressional access to the secret FISA court, but the provision is not self-executing. Section 6 removes the authority of FBI supervisors to approve queries, transferring that decision to attorneys who are now classified as at-will employees and thus vulnerable to dismissal. Section 7 orders a Government Accountability Office audit within a year, but the audit is nonbinding and its value depends on intelligence community cooperation. Representative Himes has justified his support for the bill by stating he has seen “zero evidence of abuse” of Section 702 under the current administration and that the program is the nation’s most rigorously overseen foreign intelligence tool. He has engaged in outreach to both parties, but House Intelligence Chair Rick Crawford downplayed Himes’ role, noting that Republican leaders are pursuing a partisan path. Himes has also worked with Representative Jamie Raskin on backup plans that could attract broader Democratic support, such as passing the bill under suspension of the rules, which requires a two-thirds majority. However, Speaker Johnson’s failed overnight vote last week emboldened Democrats to withhold support. Within Himes’ district, a coalition of Connecticut organizations has called for his resignation as ranking member, accusing him of helping preserve warrantless surveillance. A primary challenger, Joseph Perez-Caputo, has led protests against Himes’ stance. Other House Democrats, including Representative Stephen Lynch and Progressive Caucus Chair Greg Casar, have indicated they will vote against reauthorization without meaningful guardrails, citing distrust of the administration. Senator Ron Wyden characterized the bill as a “rubber stamp” for warrantless surveillance, while former Republican House Judiciary Chair Bob Goodlatte noted that the bill’s marquee provision merely restates conduct already illegal, but expressed hope that the 228 members who opposed a clean extension last week signal continued opposition.

Conclusion

The reauthorization bill for Section 702 remains in a precarious position, with bipartisan skepticism and internal divisions within both parties. The April 30 deadline adds urgency, but the current legislation faces significant opposition from progressives, civil liberties advocates, and some Republicans who view the reforms as inadequate. Representative Himes continues to advocate for the bill as a necessary national security measure, but his efforts have not yet produced a viable path to passage.

Vocabulary Learning

cosmetic (adj.)
superficial or affecting only the appearance rather than the substance表面的;裝飾性的
Example:Several oversight provisions that critics argue are largely cosmetic and leave intact the core authority for warrantless searches.
dismantle (v.)
to take apart or abolish a system, organization, or set of mechanisms拆除;廢除
Example:Oversight mechanisms that previously curtailed such abuses have been dismantled under the current administration.
embolden (v.)
to give someone the courage or confidence to do something, often to act more assertively使大膽;給…壯膽
Example:Speaker Johnson’s failed overnight vote last week emboldened Democrats to withhold support for the reauthorization.
purport (v.)
to claim or appear to be something, often falsely or misleadingly聲稱;標榜
Example:The new bill contains seven sections that purport to impose additional constraints on surveillance activities.
warrantless (adj.)
done without a legal warrant, especially in the context of surveillance無搜查令的;未經授權的
Example:The Section 702 program permits federal agents to collect foreign intelligence communications without a warrant, leading to warrantless searches of Americans' communications.

Sentence Learning

The legislation, which aims to prevent the program’s expiration on April 30, includes several oversight provisions that critics argue are largely cosmetic and leave intact the core authority for warrantless searches of Americans’ communications.
Non-restrictive Relative Clause with Object Complement: The sentence uses a non-restrictive relative clause ("which aims...") to provide additional information, and a restrictive relative clause ("that critics argue...") containing an object complement ("leave intact") where the adjective "intact" follows the verb directly without a linking verb.非限制性關係從句與賓語補足語:句子使用非限制性關係從句(「which aims...」)提供附加信息,以及一個限制性關係從句(「that critics argue...」)包含賓語補足語(「leave intact」),其中形容詞「intact」直接跟在動詞後,無需連繫動詞。
Oversight mechanisms that previously curtailed such abuses have been dismantled under the current administration, including the closure of the FBI’s Office of Internal Auditing in May of the previous year.
Passive Voice with Participial Phrase: The main clause is in passive voice ("have been dismantled"), and the participial phrase ("including the closure...") provides an example of the dismantled mechanisms, acting as a reduced relative clause.被動語態與分詞短語:主句使用被動語態(「have been dismantled」),分詞短語(「including the closure...」)提供被廢除機制的例子,充當簡化關係從句。
Section 2 requires the FBI to provide monthly written justifications to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence for any query using an American identifier, but the receiving office has fewer staff, no subpoena power, and no authority to suppress queries.
Reduced Relative Clause and Parallel Structure: The present participle phrase "using an American identifier" functions as a reduced relative clause modifying "query". The second clause uses parallel structure with three noun phrases ("fewer staff, no subpoena power, and no authority") for emphasis.簡化關係從句與平行結構:現在分詞短語「using an American identifier」充當簡化關係從句,修飾「query」。第二個從句使用平行結構,由三個名詞短語(「fewer staff, no subpoena power, and no authority」)構成,以加強語氣。
Section 3 introduces criminal penalties of up to five years for knowingly and willfully violating query rules, a standard that legal experts note is historically difficult to prosecute and would not cover past documented abuses attributed to inadequate training.
Appositive Noun Phrase with Embedded Relative Clause: The noun phrase "a standard that legal experts note is historically difficult to prosecute and would not cover past documented abuses attributed to inadequate training" is an appositive that elaborates on the penalties. It contains an embedded relative clause with a passive participle ("attributed to").同位語名詞短語與嵌入式關係從句:名詞短語「a standard that legal experts note is historically difficult to prosecute and would not cover past documented abuses attributed to inadequate training」是同位語,詳細說明刑罰。其中包含一個嵌入式關係從句,並帶有被動分詞(「attributed to」)。
Senator Ron Wyden characterized the bill as a “rubber stamp” for warrantless surveillance, while former Republican House Judiciary Chair Bob Goodlatte noted that the bill’s marquee provision merely restates conduct already illegal, but expressed hope that the 228 members who opposed a clean extension last week signal continued opposition.
Complex Coordination with Relative Clause: This sentence uses multiple coordinators ("while", "but") to link contrasting views. It includes a subordinate noun clause ("that the bill’s marquee provision...") and a restrictive relative clause ("who opposed a clean extension") modifying "members".複雜並列結構與關係從句:此句使用多個並列連詞(「while」、「but」)連接對比觀點。包含一個從屬名詞從句(「that the bill’s marquee provision...」)和一個限制性關係從句(「who opposed a clean extension」)修飾「members」。