US used many weapons in 38-day war with Iran

A2

US used many weapons in 38-day war with Iran

Introduction

The US military used a lot of advanced weapons in a 38-day war with Iran. The war started on February 28 and then stopped. Now, the US has fewer weapons. This could be a problem for other places, like the Indo-Pacific.

Main Body

The US used about 1,100 long-range missiles called JASSM-ER. Each missile costs about $1.1 million. Now only about 1,500 remain. They also used more than 1,000 Tomahawk cruise missiles. Each Tomahawk costs about $3.6 million. That is ten times more than they make in one year. The US also used over 1,200 Patriot interceptor missiles. Each costs more than $4 million. They used more than 1,000 Precision Strike and ATACMS ground missiles. A study says the US now has about 3,000 Tomahawk missiles. That is not enough for a big war in the Western Pacific. The US made about 600 Patriot interceptors in 2025. But they used more than double that number. The war cost between $28 billion and $35 billion. In the first 48 hours, they spent $5.6 billion. Because the US used so many weapons, they had to move weapons and people from other places. In Europe, they lost drones. This is a problem for NATO. In Asia, they moved a carrier group and 4,400 Marines from the Pacific. They also moved interceptor missiles from South Korea. These missiles were for North Korea. Now they are in the Middle East. A US general said there are limits to the number of weapons. But he said it did not hurt the US ability to stop China. The White House press secretary said the story is false. She said the US military has enough weapons. A Pentagon spokesperson did not talk about specific needs. But analysts and some lawmakers are worried. It will take years to make new weapons. A retired Marine colonel said some weapons were short before the war and are even shorter now. A report said the US is now more vulnerable in the western Pacific. The Pentagon has not started making more weapons yet. They made agreements with companies in January to make four times more weapons. But they need money from Congress. That money is not approved yet. The war also cost extra money for destroyed aircraft: two MC-130 planes and three MH-6 helicopters, about $275 million. Also, gas prices went up because the war threatened the Strait of Hormuz. That is where 20% of the world''s oil passes every day.

Conclusion

The US war with Iran used many advanced weapons, especially long-range missiles and air-defense missiles. The White House says there are enough weapons. But analysts and internal reports say it could take years to make new weapons. This could make the US less ready for other wars, especially in the Indo-Pacific. The Pentagon is waiting for money from Congress to start making more weapons. If there is another war with Iran, it will be even harder.

Vocabulary Learning

cost
the amount of money you need to pay for something成本,費用
Example:Each Tomahawk missile costs about $3.6 million.
enough
as much as needed足夠
Example:The US does not have enough Tomahawk missiles for a big war.
used
did something with something; employed使用
Example:The US used over 1,000 Tomahawk missiles.
war
a fight between countries or groups戰爭
Example:The war between the US and Iran lasted 38 days.
weapons
things used to fight, like guns or missiles武器
Example:The US used many advanced weapons in the war.

Sentence Learning

The US military used a lot of advanced weapons in a 38-day war with Iran.
Simple past tense: subject (The US military) + verb (used) + object (a lot of advanced weapons) + time phrase.本句使用簡單過去式:主語(美國軍隊)+ 動詞(使用了)+ 賓語(許多先進武器)+ 時間短語。
Each Tomahawk costs about $3.6 million.
Present simple tense for a fact: subject (Each Tomahawk) + verb (costs) + object (about $3.6 million).本句使用現在簡單式表達事實:主語(每枚戰斧導彈)+ 動詞(成本為)+ 賓語(約360萬美元)。
The war cost between $28 billion and $35 billion.
Simple past tense: subject (The war) + verb (cost) + object (between $28 billion and $35 billion).本句使用簡單過去式:主語(戰爭)+ 動詞(花費了)+ 賓語(280億至350億美元之間)。
It will take years to make new weapons.
Future tense with 'will': subject (It) + modal (will) + verb (take) + time (years) + infinitive phrase (to make new weapons).本句使用「will」表示將來:主語(這)+ 情態動詞(將)+ 動詞(需要)+ 時間(數年)+ 不定式短語(來製造新武器)。
The White House says there are enough weapons.
Present simple tense for reporting: subject (The White House) + verb (says) + object clause (there are enough weapons).本句使用現在簡單式作轉述:主語(白宮)+ 動詞(表示)+ 賓語從句(有足夠的武器)。
B2

US weapons stockpiles heavily used after 38-day campaign against Iran, raising concerns about readiness in other regions

Introduction

The United States military used large amounts of advanced weapons during its 38-day campaign against Iran, which started on February 28 and was followed by a ceasefire. Internal Pentagon estimates and congressional sources indicate that supplies of several important missile systems have been reduced to levels that may affect the military''s ability to respond to possible conflicts in other areas, especially the Indo-Pacific.

Main Body

According to internal Defense Department estimates and congressional officials cited in multiple reports, the US used about 1,100 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range (JASSM-ER) stealth cruise missiles, each costing roughly $1.1 million, leaving an estimated 1,500 remaining. More than 1,000 Tomahawk cruise missiles, priced at about $3.6 million each, were also fired—about ten times the yearly production rate. The Pentagon deployed over 1,200 Patriot interceptor missiles, each costing more than $4 million, and more than 1,000 Precision Strike and ATACMS ground-based missiles. A study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) estimated that the Tomahawk stockpile now stands at around 3,000 missiles, a level considered not enough for a major conflict in the Western Pacific. The strain on air-defense systems is especially serious: the US produced roughly 600 Patriot interceptors in all of 2025, yet used more than double that number in the campaign. The overall financial cost of the conflict has been estimated by two independent groups—the American Enterprise Institute and CSIS—at between $28 billion and $35 billion, with $5.6 billion used in the first 48 hours alone. As a result of the depletion of weapons, the Pentagon has been forced to move weapons and personnel from other regional commands. In Europe, the loss of surveillance and attack drones has been described as a serious problem, affecting NATO''s eastern flank and the ability to deter Russian aggression. Furthermore, in Asia, the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group was sent from the South China Sea to the Middle East before the conflict began, and two Marine Expeditionary Units totaling about 4,400 personnel were moved from the Pacific. For the first time, interceptor missiles from the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) system stationed in South Korea—originally deployed to counter North Korean missile threats—have been redirected to the Middle East. Admiral Samuel Paparo, head of US Indo-Pacific Command, admitted during a Senate hearing that “there are limited supplies” but stated that ongoing operations have not imposed a real cost on deterrence against China. White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said the claims of shortfalls were false, stating that “the entire premise of this story is false” and that the US military remains “fully loaded with more than enough weapons and munitions.” Pentagon spokesperson Sean Parnell declined to comment on specific theater requirements, citing operational security. However, analysts and some lawmakers have expressed concern about the time needed to rebuild stockpiles. Senator Jack Reed (D-RI) noted that “at current production rates, rebuilding what we have used could take years.” Retired Marine Corps Colonel Mark Cancian of CSIS observed that “some critical ground-attack and missile-defense weapons were short before the war and are even shorter now.” A CSIS report warned that high expenditure rates have created “a window of increased risk in the western Pacific.” The Pentagon has not yet started expanded production, despite having secured seven-year agreements in January with major defense contractors such as Lockheed Martin to quadruple output of precision-guided munitions and THAAD interceptors. Officials stated that no expanded production has begun because the funding—reportedly a $200 billion supplemental appropriations request—is still awaiting congressional approval. Separately, the conflict has also caused unexpected costs from destroyed aircraft, including two MC-130 cargo planes and three MH-6 helicopters, estimated at about $275 million. Broader economic effects include a rapid increase in US gasoline prices as the conflict threatened the Strait of Hormuz, through which about 20% of the world''s daily oil supply passes.

Conclusion

The US military campaign against Iran has resulted in a significant reduction of advanced weapons, especially long-range strike missiles and air-defense interceptors. While the White House maintains that stockpiles remain sufficient for all operational needs, independent analysts and internal estimates indicate that rebuilding supplies to pre-war levels could take years, possibly creating a period of reduced readiness in other strategic regions, particularly the Indo-Pacific. The Pentagon is waiting for congressional funding to start expanded production, and the duration of any future conflict or renewed operations against Iran would further affect the balance between immediate needs and long-term ability to prevent conflict.

Vocabulary Learning

depletion
The reduction in the quantity or supply of something, especially resources.消耗;減少,尤指資源的數量或供應的減少。
Example:As a result of the depletion of weapons, the Pentagon has been forced to move weapons and personnel from other regional commands.
deterrence
The act of discouraging an action, especially military aggression, by instilling fear of consequences.威懾;通過讓對方害怕後果來阻止其行動,尤其是軍事侵略。
Example:The loss of surveillance and attack drones has been described as a serious problem, affecting NATO's eastern flank and the ability to deter Russian aggression.
quadruple
To increase something by four times.使增加四倍。
Example:The Pentagon has secured seven-year agreements with major defense contractors to quadruple output of precision-guided munitions.
shortfall
A deficiency or lack of something that is expected or needed.不足;短缺,指預期或需要的東西不足。
Example:White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said the claims of shortfalls were false.
stand at
To be at a particular level or amount, often used for statistics or stock levels.處於某個水平或數量,常用於統計或庫存水平。
Example:The Tomahawk stockpile now stands at around 3,000 missiles.

Sentence Learning

The United States military used large amounts of advanced weapons during its 38-day campaign against Iran, which started on February 28 and was followed by a ceasefire.
Relative clause 'which started...' adds extra information about the campaign; passive 'was followed' shifts focus to the ceasefire.關係子句「which started...」補充說明戰役;被動語態「was followed」將焦點轉移到停火。
Internal Pentagon estimates and congressional sources indicate that supplies of several important missile systems have been reduced to levels that may affect the military's ability to respond to possible conflicts in other areas, especially the Indo-Pacific.
Relative clause 'that may affect' defines the levels; passive 'have been reduced' emphasizes the action on supplies.關係子句「that may affect」界定「levels」;被動語態「have been reduced」強調庫存被削減的事實。
A study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) estimated that the Tomahawk stockpile now stands at around 3,000 missiles, a level considered not enough for a major conflict in the Western Pacific.
Passive 'considered' (reduced relative clause) modifies 'level', making the sentence concise and formal.被動語態「considered」(省略關係代名詞的關係子句)修飾「level」,使句子簡潔正式。
As a result of the depletion of weapons, the Pentagon has been forced to move weapons and personnel from other regional commands.
Linking phrase 'As a result of' shows cause-effect; passive 'has been forced' highlights the Pentagon's lack of choice.連接詞組「As a result of」表示因果關係;被動語態「has been forced」凸顯五角大樓別無選擇。
The Pentagon has not yet started expanded production, despite having secured seven-year agreements in January with major defense contractors such as Lockheed Martin to quadruple output of precision-guided munitions and THAAD interceptors.
Linking word 'despite' introduces contrast between not starting production and having secured agreements.連接詞「despite」引出對比:尚未開始增產,但已簽訂協議。
C2

US munitions stockpiles significantly depleted after 38-day campaign against Iran, raising concerns about readiness in other theatres

Introduction

The United States military has expended substantial quantities of advanced munitions during its 38-day campaign against Iran, which commenced on February 28 and was followed by a ceasefire. Internal Pentagon estimates and congressional sources indicate that inventories of several critical missile systems have been reduced to levels that may affect the military''s ability to respond to potential conflicts in other regions, particularly the Indo-Pacific.

Main Body

According to internal Defense Department estimates and congressional officials cited in multiple reports, the US used approximately 1,100 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range (JASSM-ER) stealth cruise missiles, each costing roughly $1.1 million, leaving an estimated 1,500 remaining. More than 1,000 Tomahawk cruise missiles, priced at about $3.6 million each, were also fired—approximately ten times the annual procurement rate. The Pentagon deployed over 1,200 Patriot interceptor missiles, each exceeding $4 million, and more than 1,000 Precision Strike and ATACMS ground-based missiles. A study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) estimated that the Tomahawk stockpile now stands at around 3,000 missiles, a level considered insufficient for a major conflict in the Western Pacific. The strain on air-defence systems is particularly acute: the US produced roughly 600 Patriot interceptors in all of 2025, yet used more than double that number in the campaign. The overall financial cost of the conflict has been estimated by two independent groups—the American Enterprise Institute and CSIS—at between $28 billion and $35 billion, with $5.6 billion consumed in the first 48 hours alone. The depletion of munitions has forced the Pentagon to redirect weapons and personnel from other regional commands. In Europe, the loss of surveillance and attack drones has been described as a serious problem, affecting NATO''s eastern flank and the ability to deter Russian aggression. In Asia, the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group was redeployed from the South China Sea to the Middle East before the conflict began, and two Marine Expeditionary Units totaling approximately 4,400 personnel were moved from the Pacific. For the first time, interceptor missiles from the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) system stationed in South Korea—originally deployed to counter North Korean missile threats—have been redirected to the Middle East. Admiral Samuel Paparo, head of US Indo-Pacific Command, acknowledged during a Senate hearing that “there are finite limits to the magazine” but stated that ongoing operations have not imposed a real cost on deterrence against China. White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt rejected claims of shortfalls, stating that “the entire premise of this story is false” and that the US military remains “fully loaded with more than enough weapons and munitions.” Pentagon spokesperson Sean Parnell declined to comment on specific theatre requirements, citing operational security. However, analysts and some lawmakers have expressed concern about the time required to reconstitute stockpiles. Senator Jack Reed (D-RI) noted that “at current production rates, reconstituting what we have expended could take years.” Retired Marine Corps Colonel Mark Cancian of CSIS observed that “some critical ground-attack and missile-defence munitions were short before the war and are even shorter now.” A CSIS report warned that high expenditure rates have created “a window of increased vulnerability in the western Pacific.” The Pentagon has not yet begun expanded production, despite having secured seven-year agreements in January with major defence contractors such as Lockheed Martin to quadruple output of precision-guided munitions and THAAD interceptors. Officials stated that no expanded production has commenced because the funding—reportedly a $200 billion supplemental appropriations request—is still awaiting congressional approval. Separately, the conflict has also incurred unexpected costs from destroyed aircraft, including two MC-130 cargo planes and three MH-6 helicopters, estimated at about $275 million. Broader economic effects include a rapid increase in US gasoline prices as the conflict threatened the Strait of Hormuz, through which approximately 20% of the world''s daily oil supply passes.

Conclusion

The US military campaign against Iran has resulted in a significant drawdown of advanced munitions, particularly long-range strike missiles and air-defence interceptors. While the White House maintains that stockpiles remain sufficient for all operational requirements, independent analysts and internal estimates indicate that rebuilding inventories to pre-war levels could take years, potentially creating a period of reduced readiness in other strategic theatres, especially the Indo-Pacific. The Pentagon is awaiting congressional funding to initiate expanded production, and the duration of any future conflict or renewed operations against Iran would further affect the balance between immediate needs and long-term deterrence.

Vocabulary Learning

deterrence
The use of threat or military capability to discourage an adversary from taking an unwanted action.威懾;威懾力
Example:Admiral Paparo stated that ongoing operations have not imposed a real cost on deterrence against China.
drawdown
A reduction or decrease in the quantity of something, typically military forces or supplies.減少;縮減(尤指軍事力量或物資)
Example:The US military campaign against Iran has resulted in a significant drawdown of advanced munitions.
magazine
A storage place for ammunition or explosives; also used metaphorically to refer to a stockpile of munitions.彈藥庫;軍火庫(亦比喻為彈藥儲備)
Example:Admiral Samuel Paparo acknowledged that 'there are finite limits to the magazine.'
reconstitute
To restore something to its original state or condition, especially after depletion or damage.重建;恢復原狀(尤指在耗盡或損壞後)
Example:Senator Jack Reed noted that 'at current production rates, reconstituting what we have expended could take years.'
theatre
A region or area in which military operations are conducted.戰區;軍事行動區域
Example:The depletion of munitions may affect the military's ability to respond to potential conflicts in other theatres, particularly the Indo-Pacific.

Sentence Learning

According to internal Defense Department estimates and congressional officials cited in multiple reports, the US used approximately 1,100 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range (JASSM-ER) stealth cruise missiles, each costing roughly $1.1 million, leaving an estimated 1,500 remaining.
Structural Analysis in English This sentence begins with a prepositional phrase 'According to... reports' containing a reduced relative clause 'cited in multiple reports' modifying 'officials'. The main clause is 'the US used approximately 1,100 ... missiles'. This is followed by an absolute participial phrase 'each costing roughly $1.1 million' (nominative absolute) and a resultative participial phrase 'leaving an estimated 1,500 remaining'. The sentence exhibits high lexical density with technical terms and numbers.Structural Analysis in Standard Written Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) 本句以介詞短語「根據...報告」開首,當中包含簡化關係從句「被多份報告引述的」修飾「官員」。主句為「美國使用了約1,100枚...導彈」。其後接獨立分詞短語「每枚造價約110萬美元」(主格獨立結構)及結果分詞短語「留下約1,500枚剩餘」。句子展現高詞彙密度,包含專業術語及數字。
For the first time, interceptor missiles from the Terminal High Altitude Area Defence (THAAD) system stationed in South Korea—originally deployed to counter North Korean missile threats—have been redirected to the Middle East.
Structural Analysis in English The sentence starts with a fronted adverbial 'For the first time'. The subject is 'interceptor missiles from the THAAD system', with a reduced relative clause 'stationed in South Korea' modifying 'system'. A parenthetical insertion set off by em dashes '—originally deployed to counter North Korean missile threats—' provides additional information using a reduced relative clause. The main verb is 'have been redirected' (present perfect passive). This sentence demonstrates the use of parenthetical elements and reduced clauses for conciseness.Structural Analysis in Standard Written Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) 句首為前置狀語「首次」。主語為「來自THAAD系統的攔截導彈」,帶有簡化關係從句「部署在南韓的」修飾「系統」。破折號插入的補充說明「——最初為應對北韓導彈威脅而部署——」使用簡化關係從句。主要動詞為「已被重新部署」(現在完成被動式)。本句展示插入語及簡化從句的運用,以達簡潔效果。
The Pentagon has not yet begun expanded production, despite having secured seven-year agreements in January with major defence contractors such as Lockheed Martin to quadruple output of precision-guided munitions and THAAD interceptors.
Structural Analysis in English The main clause is 'The Pentagon has not yet begun expanded production'. This is followed by a concessive participial phrase 'despite having secured seven-year agreements...', which itself contains an infinitive phrase 'to quadruple output...' indicating purpose. The phrase 'such as Lockheed Martin' is an example. The sentence uses a perfect participial phrase to express an action completed before the main clause, and an infinitive of purpose, demonstrating complex temporal and logical relationships.Structural Analysis in Standard Written Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) 主句為「五角大樓尚未開始擴大生產」。其後接讓步分詞短語「儘管已簽訂七年協議...」,該短語內含不定式短語「將產量提高四倍...」表示目的。短語「如洛克希德·馬丁」為舉例。句子使用完成分詞短語表達在主句之前完成的動作,以及目的不定式,展示複雜的時間與邏輯關係。
Broader economic effects include a rapid increase in US gasoline prices as the conflict threatened the Strait of Hormuz, through which approximately 20% of the world's daily oil supply passes.
Structural Analysis in English The main clause is 'Broader economic effects include a rapid increase in US gasoline prices'. This is followed by a causal adverbial clause 'as the conflict threatened the Strait of Hormuz'. Within that clause, there is a non-restrictive relative clause 'through which approximately 20% of the world's daily oil supply passes', modifying 'Strait of Hormuz'. The relative clause uses a preposition 'through' + 'which', and the verb 'passes' is in simple present. The sentence combines causal and relative subordination, with high lexical density.Structural Analysis in Standard Written Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) 主句為「更廣泛的經濟影響包括美國汽油價格迅速上漲」。其後接因果狀語從句「因為衝突威脅霍爾木茲海峽」。該從句內含非限制性關係從句「全球每日約20%石油供應經此通過」,修飾「霍爾木茲海峽」。關係從句使用介詞「經」+「which」,動詞「通過」為一般現在時。句子結合因果及關係從屬,詞彙密度高。
While the White House maintains that stockpiles remain sufficient for all operational requirements, independent analysts and internal estimates indicate that rebuilding inventories to pre-war levels could take years, potentially creating a period of reduced readiness in other strategic theatres, especially the Indo-Pacific.
Structural Analysis in English This is a complex sentence with a concessive clause introduced by 'While'. The concessive clause contains a that-clause: 'the White House maintains that stockpiles remain sufficient...'. The main clause is 'independent analysts and internal estimates indicate that rebuilding inventories... could take years'. This main clause is followed by a participial phrase 'potentially creating a period of reduced readiness...', which itself includes an appositive 'especially the Indo-Pacific'. The sentence demonstrates concessive subordination, multiple that-clauses, and a resultative participial phrase, showcasing advanced syntactic layering.Structural Analysis in Standard Written Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) 本句為複雜句,以「雖然」引導讓步從句。讓步從句包含that從句:「白宮堅稱庫存仍足夠...」。主句為「獨立分析師和內部估計表明,重建庫存...可能需要數年」。主句後接分詞短語「可能造成一段戰備減弱時期...」,該短語內含同位語「尤其是印太地區」。句子展示讓步從屬、多個that從句及結果分詞短語,體現高級句法層次。