High Energy Costs Cause Problems for Japanese Public Bathhouses

A2

High Energy Costs Cause Problems for Japanese Public Bathhouses

Introduction

Japanese public bathhouses are called sento. They have big problems now. The cost of oil for heating is going up. Also, there is not enough oil. This is because of problems in the Middle East. Many bathhouses already had problems before. Fewer people come to them. The owners are old and have no one to take over.

Main Body

The number of bathhouses is going down. The Japan National Sento Association says there are now only about one-twelfth of the bathhouses from 60 years ago. Owners have fewer customers. They cannot find new owners. Also, the government says they cannot raise prices. So when oil costs go up, the bathhouses lose money. The energy crisis makes things worse. At Ikesu Onsen in Aichi, the bathhouse opened one hour later in March. The oil delivery was cut in half. They lost about ten customers each day. Atsuko Matsui, who works there, says the supplier decides the price and amount. The bathhouse has no choice. In Aomori, Katsuragi Onsen will close at the end of May. The owner, Masayoshi Yamaguchi, says oil prices go up every week. They cannot keep the old building working. Even with enough customers, they cannot continue. The oil supply problem comes from the Middle East crisis. The text says US and Israeli attacks on Iran caused this. Tankers cannot pass through the Strait of Hormuz easily. Oil prices go up. About 30% of bathhouses use oil boilers. So they feel the problem directly. They cannot change their business easily.

Conclusion

Because of these problems, bathhouse owners are reducing hours or closing forever. If oil supply does not become stable or if they cannot change prices, many public bathhouses may close.

Vocabulary Learning

cost (n.)
price / the amount of money you need to pay for something成本;費用
Example:The cost of oil is going up.
customer (n.)
buyer / a person who buys something from a shop or business顧客;客戶
Example:They have fewer customers.
owner (n.)
person who owns / a person who has something, like a business or property擁有者;業主
Example:The owners are old and have no one to take over.
price (n.)
cost / the amount of money you pay for something價格;價錢
Example:The government says they cannot raise prices.
problem (n.)
difficulty / something that is difficult or causes trouble問題;困難
Example:They have big problems now.

Sentence Learning

They have big problems now.
Time Marker: 'now' indicates the present time.'現在' 表示當前時間。
Also, there is not enough oil.
Connector: 'Also' adds additional information.'也' 添加額外信息。
This is because of problems in the Middle East.
Reason: 'because of' gives the reason for something.'因為' 給出某事的原因。
At Ikesu Onsen in Aichi, the bathhouse opened one hour later in March.
Prepositional Phrase & Time Marker: 'At Ikesu Onsen in Aichi' gives location; 'in March' gives time.'在愛知縣的池洲溫泉' 給出地點;'三月' 給出時間。
If oil supply does not become stable or if they cannot change prices, many public bathhouses may close.
Condition & Connector: 'If' introduces a condition; 'or' shows an alternative.'如果' 引入條件;'或' 顯示替代方案。
B2

Energy Cost Increases from Middle East Disruptions Threaten the Future of Japanese Public Bathhouses

Introduction

Traditional Japanese public bathhouses, called sento, are facing serious operational problems because of rising fuel oil prices and supply disruptions. These challenges, which are linked to tensions in the Middle East, are adding to existing structural issues such as a falling number of customers and aging owners who have no one to take over their businesses.

Main Body

The sento industry has been declining for many years. According to the Japan National Sento Association, the number of bathhouses has dropped to about one-twelfth of its highest level from almost sixty years ago. Owners have dealt with fewer customers and a shortage of people to take over their businesses. Furthermore, government-set prices stop bathhouses from raising their fees, so they are easily affected by sudden changes in the cost of supplies. The current energy crisis has made these pressures worse. At Ikesu Onsen, a family-run sento founded in 1919 in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture, the business delayed its opening time by one hour from late March because of unreliable fuel oil deliveries. Monthly fuel deliveries were cut by about half, from roughly one tonne, which caused a loss of around ten customers each day. Atsuko Matsui, a 57-year-old who helps run the bathhouse, said that the supplier decides both the amount and the price, and the business has no choice but to accept these terms. In Aomori, Katsuragi Onsen has decided to close at the end of May. The owner, Masayoshi Yamaguchi, also 57, explained that fuel oil prices go up every week and do not seem to be getting stable. He added that continuing to operate is impossible, even though they have enough customers. The fuel supply problems in Japan are caused by the crisis in the Middle East, which sources say is due to attacks by the US and Israel on Iran. This conflict has disrupted the movement of oil tankers through the Strait of Hormuz and increased global oil prices. According to the Japan National Sento Association, about 30% of sento use fuel oil boilers, so they are directly affected by these supply and price shocks. The combination of outside geopolitical factors and domestic rules has left owners with little ability to change their situation.

Conclusion

The combination of long-term decline and severe energy cost pressures is forcing sento owners to reduce their hours or close down for good. Unless fuel supply becomes more stable or pricing rules become more flexible, the survival of many remaining public bathhouses is uncertain.

Vocabulary Learning

decline (v.)
to become smaller, fewer, or less下降;衰退
Example:The sento industry has been declining for many years.
disruption (n.)
an interruption or disturbance that causes problems中斷;干擾
Example:The supply disruptions have affected many bathhouses.
geopolitical (adj.)
relating to the influence of geography on politics and international relations地緣政治的
Example:Outside geopolitical factors have worsened the energy crisis.
shortage (n.)
a situation in which there is not enough of something短缺;不足
Example:There is a shortage of people to take over the businesses.
structural (adj.)
relating to the basic framework or system of something結構性的
Example:The bathhouses face structural issues such as a falling number of customers.

Sentence Learning

These challenges, which are linked to tensions in the Middle East, are adding to existing structural issues such as a falling number of customers and aging owners who have no one to take over their businesses.
Relative clause with 'which' and 'who', passive voice 'are linked' The relative clause 'which are linked to tensions in the Middle East' provides extra information about the challenges. The passive voice 'are linked' focuses on the challenges being affected rather than the agent. The second relative clause 'who have no one to take over their businesses' describes the owners.關係從句使用 'which' 和 'who',被動語態 'are linked' 關係從句 'which are linked to tensions in the Middle East' 提供關於挑戰的額外信息。被動語態 'are linked' 強調挑戰受到影響,而非動作執行者。第二個關係從句 'who have no one to take over their businesses' 描述業主。
Furthermore, government-set prices stop bathhouses from raising their fees, so they are easily affected by sudden changes in the cost of supplies.
Linking word 'Furthermore', passive voice 'are affected', cause-effect 'so' 'Furthermore' adds a new point. 'So' shows a result: because prices are fixed, bathhouses are affected. The passive 'are affected' highlights the bathhouses as the receiver of the action.連接詞 'Furthermore',被動語態 'are affected',因果關係 'so' 'Furthermore' 引入新論點。'So' 表示結果:由於價格固定,澡堂受到影響。被動語態 'are affected' 強調澡堂是動作的承受者。
Monthly fuel deliveries were cut by about half, from roughly one tonne, which caused a loss of around ten customers each day.
Passive voice 'were cut', relative clause with 'which' The passive 'were cut' focuses on the deliveries being reduced, not who reduced them. The relative clause 'which caused a loss' explains the consequence of the reduction.被動語態 'were cut',關係從句使用 'which' 被動語態 'were cut' 強調交付量被削減,而非誰削減。關係從句 'which caused a loss' 解釋削減的後果。
He added that continuing to operate is impossible, even though they have enough customers.
Linking word 'even though' for contrast 'Even though' introduces a contrast: despite having enough customers, operating is impossible. This structure highlights the unexpected or conflicting situation.對比連接詞 'even though' 'Even though' 引入對比:儘管有足夠顧客,經營仍不可能。此結構突出意料之外或矛盾的情況。
The fuel supply problems in Japan are caused by the crisis in the Middle East, which sources say is due to attacks by the US and Israel on Iran.
Passive voice 'are caused', relative clause with 'which' The passive 'are caused' shifts focus to the problems as the subject. The relative clause 'which sources say is due to attacks' provides additional information about the crisis, using 'which' to refer back to the crisis.被動語態 'are caused',關係從句使用 'which' 被動語態 'are caused' 將焦點轉移到問題本身。關係從句 'which sources say is due to attacks' 提供關於危機的額外信息,'which' 指代危機。
C2

Energy Cost Increases from Middle East Disruptions Threaten Viability of Japanese Public Bathhouses

Introduction

Traditional Japanese public bathhouses, known as sento, are experiencing severe operational difficulties due to rising fuel oil prices and supply disruptions. These challenges, linked to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, are compounding pre-existing structural problems such as declining patronage and an aging owner demographic without successors.

Main Body

The sento sector has been in long-term decline. The Japan National Sento Association reports that the number of bathhouses has fallen to approximately one-twelfth of its peak level from nearly six decades ago. Operators have faced a shrinking customer base and a lack of successors for aging owners. Additionally, regulated pricing prevents bathhouses from passing on increased costs to customers, leaving them vulnerable to input cost volatility. The current energy crisis has exacerbated these pressures. At Ikesu Onsen, a family-run sento founded in 1919 in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture, the establishment delayed its opening time by one hour from late March due to unstable fuel oil supply. Monthly fuel deliveries were halved from roughly one tonne, resulting in a daily loss of approximately ten customers. Atsuko Matsui, a 57-year-old involved in running the bathhouse, stated that the supplier dictates both quantity and price, leaving the business with no alternative but to accept the terms. In Aomori, Katsuragi Onsen has decided to close at the end of May, citing rising fuel costs as an additional burden on maintaining its aging facilities. Masayoshi Yamaguchi, the 57-year-old head of that bathhouse, noted that fuel oil prices increase weekly and show no signs of stabilization, making continued operation unsustainable despite sufficient customer numbers. The disruption to fuel supply in Japan originates from the Middle East crisis, which the sources attribute to US-Israeli attacks on Iran. This conflict has affected tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and driven up global oil prices. According to the Japan National Sento Association, approximately 30% of sento use fuel oil boilers, making them directly exposed to these supply and price shocks. The combination of external geopolitical factors and domestic regulatory constraints has left operators with limited room to adapt.

Conclusion

The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures is forcing sento operators to reduce hours or close permanently. Without changes in fuel supply stability or pricing flexibility, the viability of many remaining public bathhouses remains uncertain.

Vocabulary Learning

attributed (v.)
ascribed / regarded as being caused by a particular factor歸因於;歸咎於
Example:The disruption to fuel supply in Japan originates from the Middle East crisis, which the sources attribute to US-Israeli attacks on Iran.
confluence (n.)
convergence / a coming together of multiple factors or events匯合;交匯
Example:The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures is forcing sento operators to reduce hours or close permanently.
exacerbated (v.)
worsened / made more severe or intense加劇;惡化
Example:The current energy crisis has exacerbated these pressures on sento operators.
viability (n.)
sustainability / ability to continue existing or functioning可行性;生存能力
Example:The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures is forcing sento operators to reduce hours or close permanently, threatening the viability of many remaining public bathhouses.
volatility (n.)
instability / tendency to change quickly and unpredictably波動性;不穩定性
Example:Regulated pricing prevents bathhouses from passing on increased costs to customers, leaving them vulnerable to input cost volatility.

Sentence Learning

These challenges, linked to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, are compounding pre-existing structural problems such as declining patronage and an aging owner demographic without successors.
Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase "linked to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East" is a reduced relative clause (omitting "which are") modifying "challenges". This structure condenses information and adds formality. The sentence also uses complex noun phrases like "pre-existing structural problems" and lists "declining patronage" and "an aging owner demographic without successors".縮減關係從句:「linked to geopolitical tensions in the Middle East」是縮減的關係從句(省略了「which are」),修飾「challenges」。此結構濃縮信息,增加正式感。句子還使用了複雜名詞短語如「pre-existing structural problems」,並列出「declining patronage」和「an aging owner demographic without successors」。
Additionally, regulated pricing prevents bathhouses from passing on increased costs to customers, leaving them vulnerable to input cost volatility.
Participial Phrase: The participial phrase "leaving them vulnerable to input cost volatility" acts as a resultative adjunct, explaining the consequence of the main clause. This is a common device in academic writing to show cause and effect concisely. The main clause uses "prevents ... from ..." structure.分詞短語:分詞短語「leaving them vulnerable to input cost volatility」作為結果狀語,說明主句的後果。這是學術寫作中簡潔表達因果關係的常見手法。主句使用了「prevents ... from ...」結構。
At Ikesu Onsen, a family-run sento founded in 1919 in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture, the establishment delayed its opening time by one hour from late March due to unstable fuel oil supply.
Appositive with Embedded Participial Phrase: The noun phrase "a family-run sento founded in 1919 in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture" is an appositive that provides additional information about "Ikesu Onsen". Within it, "founded in 1919" is a reduced relative clause (participial phrase). The sentence also fronts the adverbial "At Ikesu Onsen" for emphasis.同位語帶嵌入式分詞短語:名詞短語「a family-run sento founded in 1919 in Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture」是同位語,提供關於「Ikesu Onsen」的補充信息。其中「founded in 1919」是縮減關係從句(分詞短語)。句子還將狀語「At Ikesu Onsen」前置以強調。
Masayoshi Yamaguchi, the 57-year-old head of that bathhouse, noted that fuel oil prices increase weekly and show no signs of stabilization, making continued operation unsustainable despite sufficient customer numbers.
Complex Reported Speech with Participial Phrase: The sentence contains an appositive ("the 57-year-old head of that bathhouse") and a reported clause with a participial phrase "making continued operation unsustainable..." that modifies the entire reported statement. The use of "despite sufficient customer numbers" adds a concessive element. This structure demonstrates mastery of embedding multiple clauses.複雜間接引語帶分詞短語:句子包含同位語(「the 57-year-old head of that bathhouse」)和一個帶分詞短語「making continued operation unsustainable...」的間接引語從句,該分詞短語修飾整個引述內容。使用「despite sufficient customer numbers」添加讓步元素。此結構展示了嵌入多個從句的高超能力。
The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures is forcing sento operators to reduce hours or close permanently.
Nominalization: The subject "The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures" uses nominalization, turning verbs into nouns ("decline", "pressures") to create a dense, abstract noun phrase. This is typical of formal writing. The predicate uses a causative structure "is forcing ... to reduce ... or close".名詞化:主語「The confluence of long-term structural decline and acute energy cost pressures」使用了名詞化,將動詞轉為名詞(「decline」、「pressures」),形成密集、抽象的名詞短語,這是正式寫作的典型特徵。謂語使用了使役結構「is forcing ... to reduce ... or close」。