Computer Parts Cost More Money

A2

Computer Parts Cost More Money

Introduction

Wars in the Middle East make it hard to get materials. Now, the boards inside electronics cost more money.

Main Body

Iran attacked a factory in Saudi Arabia in April. This factory makes a special plastic for computer boards. Now, there is not enough plastic for the world. Many people want AI servers. These servers need many boards. Because of this, the price of boards went up 40 percent in one month. Copper and glass are also expensive. Copper is a big part of the cost. High-end boards for AI are now very expensive. Companies must wait longer for materials. Some materials take 15 weeks to arrive. Companies are now asking for more money from their customers.

Conclusion

Wars and high demand for AI mean there are not enough materials. This makes computer boards expensive and slow to get.

Vocabulary Learning

get (verb)
obtain / acquire獲得
Example:We need to get new plastic.
hard (adj.)
difficult / challenging困難的
Example:It is hard to find good materials.
price (n.)
cost / amount of money價格
Example:The price of boards increased.
slow (adj.)
taking a long time慢的
Example:It is slow to get the parts.
wait (verb)
stay in place until something happens等待
Example:Companies must wait longer for materials.

Sentence Learning

Now, the boards inside electronics cost more money.
Time: 'Now' indicates the present moment.時間: 'Now' 表示此刻。
Because of this, the price of boards went up 40 percent in one month.
Reason: 'Because of this' shows a cause.原因: 'Because of this' 表示原因。
Copper and glass are also expensive.
Connector: 'and' joins two items.連接詞: 'and' 連接兩個名詞。
Companies must wait longer for materials.
Preposition: 'for materials' shows purpose.介係詞: 'for materials' 表示目的。
Iran attacked a factory in Saudi Arabia in April.
Preposition: 'in Saudi Arabia' shows location.介係詞: 'in Saudi Arabia' 表示地點。
B2

How Middle East Conflict Affects Global Printed Circuit Board Supply and Prices

Introduction

Political instability in the Middle East has disrupted the supply of essential raw materials. This has led to a significant increase in the cost of printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are used throughout the electronics industry.

Main Body

The current shortage is mainly caused by an April attack by Iran on the Jubail petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia. This event forced a stop in the production of high-purity PPE resin, a key material used to make PCB laminates. Because SABIC controls about 70 percent of the global market for this resin and has been unable to restart its facility, global availability has dropped sharply. Furthermore, shipping problems in the Gulf region have made the situation worse. At the same time, PCB prices have risen since late 2025 due to the high demand for AI servers. Goldman Sachs reported that prices jumped by as much as 40 percent in April compared to March. Experts claim that cloud service providers are willing to pay these higher costs because they expect demand to stay higher than supply for several years. Prismark supports this view, predicting that the global PCB market will grow by 12.5 percent and reach a value of US$95.8 billion by 2026. In addition to resin shortages, the lack of glass fiber and copper foil has increased price volatility. Copper foil prices rose by about 30 percent in 2026, and since copper makes up roughly 60 percent of raw material costs, this has a huge impact. Victory Giant Technology emphasized the price difference between standard PCBs and high-end AI server models, which are much more expensive. As a result, companies like Daeduck Electronics have had to renegotiate prices with clients, as delivery times for chemicals have increased from three weeks to 15 weeks.

Conclusion

The combination of geopolitical conflict and the high demand for AI technology has caused a serious shortage of raw materials. This has resulted in much higher prices and longer waiting times for the global PCB industry.

Vocabulary Learning

demand (n.)
the desire or need for something, especially in large quantities需求
Example:High demand for AI servers has driven PCB prices upward.
disrupted (v.)
to interrupt the normal flow or operation of something破壞;擾亂
Example:Political instability in the Middle East disrupted the supply of essential raw materials.
renegotiate (v.)
to negotiate again, especially to change terms重新談判
Example:Companies have had to renegotiate prices with clients due to longer delivery times.
shortage (n.)
a lack or insufficient supply of something缺乏;短缺
Example:The current shortage is mainly caused by an April attack by Iran.
volatility (n.)
the quality of being unstable or unpredictable, especially in prices波動性
Example:Price volatility increased as resin shortages spread.

Sentence Learning

This has led to a significant increase in the cost of printed circuit boards (PCBs), which are used throughout the electronics industry.
Relative Clause: The clause 'which are used throughout the electronics industry' gives additional information about PCBs.關係子句: 子句 'which are used throughout the electronics industry' 為 PCBs 提供額外資訊,說明它們被廣泛應用於電子產業。
The current shortage is mainly caused by an April attack by Iran on the Jubail petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia.
Passive Voice: The sentence uses passive voice to emphasize the shortage rather than the attackers.被動語態: 句子使用被動語態,強調短缺的發生,而非攻擊者的行動。
Because SABIC controls about 70 percent of the global market for this resin and has been unable to restart its facility, global availability has dropped sharply.
Linking Word (Because): 'Because' introduces a reason for the drop in availability.連接詞 (Because): 'Because' 用於引出全球可用性下降的原因。
Since copper makes up roughly 60 percent of raw material costs, this has a huge impact.
Linking Word (Since): 'Since' explains the cause of the impact.連接詞 (Since): 'Since' 用於說明影響的原因。
As a result, companies like Daeduck Electronics have had to renegotiate prices with clients, as delivery times for chemicals have increased from three weeks to 15 weeks.
Linking Word (As a result): 'As a result' signals a consequence of previous factors.連接詞 (As a result): 'As a result' 表示前述因素的後果。
C2

Impact of Middle East Conflict on Global Printed Circuit Board Supply Chains and Pricing

Introduction

Geopolitical instability in the Middle East has resulted in the disruption of essential raw material supplies, contributing to a significant increase in the cost of printed circuit boards (PCBs) utilized across the electronics sector.

Main Body

The current supply deficit is largely attributed to an early April strike by Iran on the Jubail petrochemical complex in Saudi Arabia. This action necessitated a cessation of production for high-purity polyphenylene ether (PPE) resin, a fundamental component in the fabrication of PCB laminates. SABIC, which maintains an approximate 70 percent share of the global high-purity PPE market, has been unable to restart operations at the Jubail facility. This production halt, compounded by impaired maritime logistics within the Gulf region, has severely constrained the global availability of the resin. Concurrent with these geopolitical disruptions, the industry has experienced a sustained increase in PCB prices since late 2025, primarily driven by the escalating demand for AI servers. According to Goldman Sachs, PCB prices increased by as much as 40 percent in April relative to March. Analysis suggests that cloud service providers are prepared to absorb these cost increases due to the anticipation that demand will continue to exceed supply capacity in the coming years. This trend is further supported by Prismark's projection that the global PCB market will expand by 12.5 percent, reaching a valuation of US$95.8 billion by 2026. Beyond resin shortages, the pricing volatility is exacerbated by deficits in other critical inputs, specifically glass fiber and copper foil. Copper foil prices have risen by approximately 30 percent in 2026, with the trend accelerating in March. Data from Victory Giant Technology indicates that copper constitutes roughly 60 percent of the total raw material expenditure in PCB production. The company has noted a significant price variance between standard multi-layer PCBs, priced at approximately 1,394 yuan per square metre, and high-end AI server models, which reach approximately 13,475 yuan. These systemic pressures have forced manufacturers to alter their operational priorities. Daeduck Electronics, a supplier to Samsung Electronics, SK Hynix, and AMD, has initiated price renegotiations with its clientele. A senior executive at the firm reported a shift in focus toward supplier management, noting that lead times for chemical materials such as epoxy resin have extended from three weeks to 15 weeks. This situation occurs while the industry is simultaneously managing the financial impact of rising memory chip costs.

Conclusion

The convergence of geopolitical conflict and high demand for AI infrastructure has created a critical shortage of raw materials, leading to substantial price increases and extended lead times for the global PCB industry.

Vocabulary Learning

anticipation (n.)
expectation / the act of looking forward to something預期
Example:Cloud service providers are prepared to absorb these cost increases due to the anticipation that demand will continue to exceed supply.
constrained (adj.)
restricted / limited in scope or ability受限制
Example:The global availability of the resin has been severely constrained by the production halt.
disruption (n.)
interruption / a sudden halt in activity中斷
Example:The geopolitical disruptions in the Middle East have led to widespread supply chain instability.
expenditure (n.)
spending / the amount of money used for a purpose支出
Example:Copper constitutes roughly 60 percent of the total raw material expenditure in PCB production.
renegotiations (n.)
revised negotiations / the process of negotiating again重新談判
Example:Daeduck Electronics has initiated price renegotiations with its clientele.

Sentence Learning

This action necessitated a cessation of production for high‑purity polyphenylene ether (PPE) resin, a fundamental component in the fabrication of PCB laminates.
Reduced Relative Clause: The phrase "a fundamental component in the fabrication of PCB laminates" modifies "PPE resin" by providing additional information without a relative pronoun, a classic example of a reduced relative clause.簡化關係子句:短語「在 PCB 膠層製造中的基本組成部分」修飾「PPE 玻璃纖維聚酚醚」,省略關係代詞,屬於簡化關係子句。
This situation occurs while the industry is simultaneously managing the financial impact of rising memory chip costs.
Adverbial Clause of Time: The clause "while the industry is simultaneously managing the financial impact of rising memory chip costs" functions as an adverbial clause indicating that the two actions happen at the same time.時間狀語從句:從句「while the industry is simultaneously managing the financial impact of rising memory chip costs」作為時間狀語,表明兩個動作同時發生。
The company has noted a significant price variance between standard multi‑layer PCBs, priced at approximately 1,394 yuan per square metre, and high‑end AI server models, which reach approximately 13,475 yuan.
Nominalization: The noun phrase "price variance" turns the verb "vary" into a noun, allowing the sentence to discuss the concept abstractly rather than as an action.名詞化:名詞短語「price variance」將動詞「vary」名詞化,允許句子以抽象概念而非動作來討論。
SABIC, which maintains an approximate 70 percent share of the global high‑purity PPE market, has been unable to restart operations at the Jubail facility.
Passive Voice: The construction "has been unable to restart operations" uses the passive voice to emphasize the state of inability rather than the agent performing the action.被動語態:結構「has been unable to restart operations」使用被動語態,強調無法恢復運營的狀態,而非執行者。
Analysis suggests that cloud service providers are prepared to absorb these cost increases due to the anticipation that demand will continue to exceed supply capacity in the coming years.
Noun Clause: The clause "that demand will continue to exceed supply capacity in the coming years" functions as the object of the preposition "due to", providing explanatory content.名詞子句:子句「that demand will continue to exceed supply capacity in the coming years」作為介詞「due to」的賓語,提供說明性內容。