New Rules for Company Owners in Japan

A2

New Rules for Company Owners in Japan

Introduction

The Japanese government wants to change the law. They want to make it harder for some people to give ideas to companies.

Main Body

Now, people can give ideas if they own a small part of a company. Many people are doing this. Last year, 52 companies got these ideas. The government thinks this is too many. The government has two plans. They want to increase the number of shares a person must own. Or, they want to remove the small limit and use a bigger one. Some people like this change. Other people do not like it. They think it is bad for the companies. The government wants companies to pay workers more money instead of giving all money to owners.

Conclusion

The government is asking people for their opinions now. They will start the new law next year.

Vocabulary Learning

companies (n.)
businesses / firms公司
Example:Several companies will participate in the trade fair.
government (n.)
the group that runs a country / authority政府
Example:The government announced a new plan to support small businesses.
law (n.)
legislation / a set of rules法律
Example:The new law will be effective next month.
money (n.)
currency / financial resources
Example:Workers expect more money for their hard work.
people (n.)
human beings / individuals人們
Example:Many people are attending the workshop.

Sentence Learning

Now, people can give ideas if they own a small part of a company.
Time: The word 'Now' shows that the action is happening at the present moment.時間: 'Now' 一詞表示動作正在現在發生。
Last year, 52 companies got these ideas.
Time: The phrase 'Last year' tells us when the event happened, in the past.時間: 'Last year' 一詞告訴我們事件發生在過去。
The government wants companies to pay workers more money instead of giving all money to owners.
Prepositional: The words 'to' and 'instead of' are prepositions that show relationships between parts of the sentence.前置詞: 'to' 和 'instead of' 是前置詞,表示句子中各部分之間的關係。
Or, they want to remove the small limit and use a bigger one.
Connector: The word 'and' connects two actions that the government wants to do.連接詞: 'and' 連接政府想做的兩個動作。
The government wants to make it harder for some people to give ideas to companies.
Prepositional: The words 'for' and 'to' are prepositions that show who the action is about and where it is directed.前置詞: 'for' 和 'to' 是前置詞,說明動作的對象和方向。
B2

Proposed Changes to Japanese Shareholder Proposal Rules

Introduction

The Japanese government is considering changes to the law to increase the requirements for shareholders who want to submit formal proposals, following requests from companies and legislative groups.

Main Body

Currently, shareholders can submit proposals if they hold either 1% of voting rights or 300 voting units for six months. However, critics argue that the 300-unit limit is no longer strict enough because stock splits and smaller share sizes have made it cheaper to enter. As a result, a record 52 companies received activist proposals last June, continuing a trend that began with corporate governance reforms in the mid-2010s. To address this, a parliamentary group plans to advise Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi on raising these limits and restricting proposals related to business operations. A Justice Ministry panel has suggested two main options: removing the unit-based rule entirely to require a strict 1% voting share, or increasing the 300-unit minimum. While some business groups have asked for a higher 5% threshold, these specific suggestions are not currently being considered. Opinions on these changes are divided. Some investment firms, such as Maso Capital, claimed that limiting shareholder engagement could slow down corporate reform. On the other hand, analysts from the Daiwa Institute of Research asserted that removing the unit-based rule would mainly affect individual investors rather than large institutional activists. Meanwhile, the Takaichi administration is trying to balance attracting foreign investment with long-term domestic growth, emphasizing that companies should invest more in wages and human capital rather than focusing only on short-term investor returns.

Conclusion

The Japanese Justice Ministry is now seeking public feedback before introducing a bill to parliament next year to update the Companies Act and tighten the rules for shareholder proposals.

Vocabulary Learning

activist (n.)
proponent of change / a person who campaigns for political or social change活躍分子
Example:A record 52 companies received activist proposals last June.
engagement (n.)
participation or involvement / the act of being involved in an activity參與
Example:Limiting shareholder engagement could slow down corporate reform.
institutional (adj.)
relating to an organization or institution機構的
Example:Large institutional activists.
proposal (n.)
suggestion / a plan or idea presented for consideration建議
Example:Shareholders can submit a proposal if they hold either 1% of voting rights or 300 voting units.
threshold (n.)
minimum level / the point at which something begins to happen門檻
Example:Some business groups have asked for a higher 5% threshold.

Sentence Learning

As a result, a record 52 companies received activist proposals last June, continuing a trend that began with corporate governance reforms in the mid-2010s.
Relative Clause: The clause 'that began with corporate governance reforms' provides essential background information about the trend, specifying when it started. It is a restrictive relative clause that modifies 'trend'.關係子句: 此子句為關於趨勢何時開始的必要補充資訊,作為限制性關係子句修飾 'trend'。
While some business groups have asked for a higher 5% threshold, these specific suggestions are not currently being considered.
Passive Voice: The phrase 'are not currently being considered' uses passive voice, indicating that the suggestions are the object of the action, not the subject. It emphasizes the state of the suggestions rather than who is acting.被動語態: 此句使用被動語態,表示建議是動作的受詞,而非主語,強調建議目前的狀態。
On the other hand, analysts from the Daiwa Institute of Research asserted that removing the unit-based rule would mainly affect individual investors rather than large institutional activists.
Contrastive Conjunction: The sentence uses 'On the other hand' and 'rather than' to contrast two viewpoints. 'On the other hand' signals an alternative perspective, while 'rather than' compares two options, showing preference.對比連詞: 此句使用 'On the other hand' 與 'rather than' 來對比兩種觀點,前者表示另一種看法,後者比較兩個選項並表明偏好。
Meanwhile, the Takaichi administration is trying to balance attracting foreign investment with long-term domestic growth, emphasizing that companies should invest more in wages and human capital rather than focusing only on short-term investor returns.
Temporal Linking Word: The word 'Meanwhile' functions as a temporal connector, indicating that the following information occurs at the same time as the previous context. It sets the scene for the administration's actions.時間連詞: 此句使用 'Meanwhile' 作為時間連詞,表示後續資訊與前文同時發生,為行政行動設定背景。
However, critics argue that the 300-unit limit is no longer strict enough because stock splits and smaller share sizes have made it cheaper to enter.
Cause-Effect Conjunction: The conjunction 'because' introduces a reason for critics' argument. It links the cause (stock splits and smaller share sizes) to the effect (the limit being less strict) in a causal relationship.因果連詞: 此句使用 'because' 來說明批評者的理由,將原因(拆股與較小股額)與結果(限制不夠嚴格)連結,形成因果關係。
C2

Proposed Amendments to Japanese Shareholder Proposal Regulations

Introduction

The Japanese government is considering legislative revisions to increase the requirements for shareholders wishing to submit formal proposals, following requests from corporate entities and legislative bodies.

Main Body

The current regulatory framework permits the submission of shareholder proposals to individuals or entities that have maintained either 1% of voting rights or 300 voting units for a period of six months. Critics of the existing system contend that the 300-unit threshold has become insufficiently rigorous due to corporate stock splits and the reduction of minimum share lot sizes, which have lowered the financial barrier to entry. Consequently, a record 52 companies received activist proposals during June of the previous year, an increase from 46 in the preceding year, a trend attributed to corporate governance reforms initiated in the mid-2010s. In response to these developments, a parliamentary group within the ruling party intends to advise Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi on raising these thresholds and restricting proposals concerning business execution. A Justice Ministry advisory panel has proposed two primary options for the revision of the Companies Act: the total elimination of the unit-based criterion in favor of a strict 1% voting rights requirement, or an increase in the 300-unit minimum. While some business lobbies have advocated for a higher threshold of 5% or further limitations on execution-related proposals, these specific measures are not currently under review by the advisory panel. Stakeholder perspectives on these proposed changes are divided. Representatives of certain investment firms, such as Maso Capital, suggest that restricting shareholder engagement may impede corporate reform. Conversely, analysts from the Daiwa Institute of Research posit that the removal of the unit-based rule would primarily affect individual investors rather than institutional activists, who typically hold more than 1% of target companies. This tension is exemplified by recent activity, such as Palliser Capital's investment in SMC Corp and its request for a $3.8 billion share buyback. From a policy perspective, the Takaichi administration is attempting to balance the attraction of foreign capital with the promotion of long-term domestic growth. Prime Minister Takaichi has previously indicated that there has been a disproportionate emphasis on shareholder returns. The administration's current objective is to encourage the allocation of corporate resources toward wage increases, human capital, and new business ventures rather than exclusively toward short-term investor demands.

Conclusion

The Japanese Justice Ministry is currently soliciting public feedback before introducing a bill to parliament next year to modify the Companies Act and tighten shareholder proposal eligibility.

Vocabulary Learning

advisory (adj.)
consultative / relating to giving advice rather than enforcing rules諮詢
Example:The Justice Ministry advisory panel proposed two primary options for the revision.
barrier (n.)
obstacle / a thing that blocks or hinders progress障礙
Example:The low minimum share lot sizes reduced the financial barrier to entry.
disproportionate (adj.)
unequal / not in proportion to something else不成比例
Example:There had been a disproportionate emphasis on shareholder returns.
rigorous (adj.)
strict / characterised by thoroughness and exactness嚴格
Example:The committee's rigorous review ensured no errors were overlooked.
tension (n.)
strain / a state of mental or emotional pressure緊張
Example:The tension between shareholders and corporate governance was evident in the debate.

Sentence Learning

The current regulatory framework permits the submission of shareholder proposals to individuals or entities that have maintained either 1% of voting rights or 300 voting units for a period of six months.
Defining Relative Clause: The clause 'that have maintained...' specifies which individuals or entities are eligible, functioning as a defining relative clause that restricts the noun phrase 'individuals or entities'.限定性關係子句:關係子句 'that have maintained...' 用於限定哪些個人或實體符合資格,作為限制性關係子句修飾名詞短語 'individuals or entities'。
Critics of the existing system contend that the 300-unit threshold has become insufficiently rigorous due to corporate stock splits and the reduction of minimum share lot sizes, which have lowered the financial barrier to entry.
Reduced Relative Clause: The clause 'which have lowered...' is a reduced relative clause that replaces a full relative clause 'which has lowered the financial barrier to entry', making the sentence more concise.簡化關係子句:子句 'which have lowered...' 為簡化關係子句,替代完整的關係子句 'which has lowered the financial barrier to entry',使語句更簡潔。
Consequently, a record 52 companies received activist proposals during June of the previous year, an increase from 46 in the preceding year, a trend attributed to corporate governance reforms initiated in the mid-2010s.
Appositive: The phrase 'an increase from 46 in the preceding year' is an appositive that renames the preceding noun phrase 'a record 52 companies', providing additional information.同位語:片語 'an increase from 46 in the preceding year' 為同位語,對前面的名詞短語 'a record 52 companies' 進行補充說明。
While some business lobbies have advocated for a higher threshold of 5% or further limitations on execution-related proposals, these specific measures are not currently under review by the advisory panel.
Concessive Clause: The subordinating conjunction 'While' introduces a concessive clause that contrasts the lobbying activity with the panel's current lack of review, indicating a contrastive relationship.讓步子句:連詞 'While' 作為讓步連詞,引入讓步子句,對照商業遊說活動與委員會目前未審查的情況,表示對比關係。
Prime Minister Takaichi has previously indicated that there has been a disproportionate emphasis on shareholder returns.
Reported Speech: The clause 'has previously indicated that there has been...' reports the Prime Minister's previous statement, using a reporting verb 'indicated' and a subordinate clause introduced by 'that'.報告語:子句 'has previously indicated that there has been...' 使用報告動詞 'indicated' 與從屬子句 'that' 把總理之前的陳述進行報告。