Court Trials for Former Syrian Leaders

A2

Court Trials for Former Syrian Leaders

Introduction

A court in Damascus started trials for leaders of the old government. Bashar al-Assad lost power in December 2024.

Main Body

A judge started the first meeting on Sunday. Atef Najib was in court. He is a cousin of the old president. The court says he hurt children in 2011. Other leaders are not in the country. They are in Russia. The court has charges against Bashar al-Assad and his brother Maher. Maher is accused of selling drugs and stealing money. Syria had a war for 14 years. Many people died. The new government wants to punish the old leaders. Some victims want the leaders to die for their crimes.

Conclusion

The court will have more meetings on May 10. They will talk about the crimes of the old leaders.

Vocabulary Learning

accuse (v.)
blame / to say that someone did something wrong指控;控告
Example:They accuse the man of stealing a car.
crime (n.)
an action that is against the law罪行
Example:Stealing is a serious crime in every country.
government (n.)
the group of people who rule a country政府
Example:The new government wants to help the poor people.
judge (n.)
a person who decides things in a court法官
Example:The judge listens to both sides before making a decision.
punish (v.)
to make someone suffer for doing something bad懲罰
Example:Parents sometimes punish their children for being rude.

Sentence Learning

A court in Damascus started trials for leaders of the old government.
Prepositional Phrase: The phrase "in Damascus" identifies the specific location of the court.介詞短語:「in Damascus」短語標示了法院所在的具體地點。
Bashar al-Assad lost power in December 2024.
Time Marker: The phrase "in December 2024" tells us the month and year when the event happened.時間標記:「in December 2024」短語告訴我們事件發生的月份和年份。
Maher is accused of selling drugs and stealing money.
Basic Connector: The word "and" is used to link two similar ideas or actions together.基本連接詞:「and」一詞用於將兩個相似的想法或動作連結起來。
A judge started the first meeting on Sunday.
Time Marker: We use the preposition "on" before specific days of the week.時間標記:我們在星期的特定日子之前使用介詞「on」。
Syria had a war for 14 years.
Prepositional Phrase: The word "for" followed by a number of years shows how long something lasted.介詞短語:「for」後面接上年份數字,表示某事持續的時間長度。
B2

Start of Legal Proceedings Against Former Syrian Government Officials

Introduction

A court in Damascus has started the first public trials to prosecute former officials of Bashar al-Assad's government, following the administration's removal from power in December 2024.

Main Body

The legal process began on Sunday with a preliminary session led by Judge Fakhr al-Din al-Aryan. This meeting focused on legal formalities rather than witness testimony. Among the defendants, Atef Najib—a cousin of the former president and former head of the Political Security Branch in Daraa—was the only person present in custody. Najib is accused of leading campaigns of repression and torturing children in Daraa in 2011, actions that are claimed to have triggered the national uprising. At the same time, the court has filed charges against several high-ranking figures who have already left the country. These include former President Bashar al-Assad and his brother, Maher al-Assad, who are believed to be living in Russia. Maher al-Assad, the former commander of the 4th Armored Division, faces allegations of extortion, drug trafficking, and running illegal detention centers. Other officials charged in their absence include former Defense Minister Fahd Jassem al-Freij and intelligence chiefs Laith al-Ali and Wafiq Nasser. These trials are taking place while the country is under the interim leadership of President Ahmad al-Sharaa. The current administration has been criticized by the public for being too slow to implement the promised justice system. This effort follows a 14-year civil war that caused approximately 500,000 deaths and displaced millions of people. Furthermore, the government has shown a stronger commitment to these trials by recently arresting former intelligence officer Amjad Yousef. While the Ministry of Justice emphasizes that these trials are necessary for accountability, victims like Ramez Abu Nabbout have demanded the maximum penalty, including the death penalty, for the killing of civilians.

Conclusion

The Syrian judiciary has now created a legal system to hold the previous regime accountable, with more hearings scheduled for May 10 to address the charges against all defendants.

Vocabulary Learning

allegation (n.)
a statement that someone has done something wrong, but which has not been proved指控;指稱
Example:The former commander is facing several allegations related to drug trafficking and extortion.
formality (n.)
something that is done just to follow a rule or custom例行程序;手續
Example:The first meeting was a legal formality to prepare for the upcoming witness testimonies.
implement (v.)
to start using a plan or system實施;執行
Example:The public criticized the government for failing to implement the promised legal reforms quickly.
prosecute (v.)
to officially charge someone with a crime in a court of law起訴;告發
Example:The authorities decided to prosecute the former officials for their involvement in the repression.
trigger (v.)
to cause something to start, especially something bad or violent觸發;引起
Example:The harsh treatment of the children helped to trigger a massive uprising across the country.

Sentence Learning

Najib is accused of leading campaigns of repression and torturing children in Daraa in 2011, actions that are claimed to have triggered the national uprising.
Passive Voice & Perfect Infinitive: The passive "are claimed" combined with the perfect infinitive "to have triggered" refers to a past action that is alleged to have caused a later situation.被動語態與完成不定式: 被動語態「are claimed」結合完成不定式「to have triggered」,用於描述據稱在過去發生並引發後續局勢的行為。
At the same time, the court has filed charges against several high-ranking figures who have already left the country.
Relative Clause: The word "who" introduces a defining relative clause that provides essential information to identify which specific figures are being charged.關係子句: 單詞「who」引導一個限定性關係子句,提供了必要的資訊以識別哪些特定官員正被起訴。
These include former President Bashar al-Assad and his brother, Maher al-Assad, who are believed to be living in Russia.
Passive Voice for Reporting: The structure "are believed to be" is used to report information that is widely thought to be true, even if not officially confirmed.用於報導的被動語態: 結構「are believed to be」用於報導被廣泛認為是事實的信息,即使該信息尚未得到官方正式確認。
While the Ministry of Justice emphasizes that these trials are necessary for accountability, victims like Ramez Abu Nabbout have demanded the maximum penalty.
Contrastive Conjunction: The word "While" is used at the beginning of the sentence to show a contrast between the government's official stance and the victims' personal demands.對比連接詞: 句首使用「While」一詞,用以將政府的官方立場與受害者的個人訴求進行對比。
The current administration has been criticized by the public for being too slow to implement the promised justice system.
Present Perfect Passive: This structure "has been criticized" describes an ongoing situation or a recent action where the focus is on the administration receiving the criticism.現在完成式被動語態: 結構「has been criticized」描述一個持續中的狀況或最近發生的動作,重點在於承受批評的行政當局。
C2

Commencement of Transitional Justice Proceedings Against Former Syrian Government Officials

Introduction

A court in Damascus has initiated the first public trials aimed at prosecuting former officials of the deposed administration of Bashar al-Assad, following the government's removal from power in December 2024.

Main Body

The judicial proceedings commenced with a preparatory session on Sunday, presided over by Judge Fakhr al-Din al-Aryan. The session focused on administrative and legal formalities rather than witness testimony or questioning. Among the defendants, Atef Najib—a cousin of the former president and former head of the Political Security Branch in Daraa—was the sole individual present in custody. Najib is accused of overseeing campaigns of repression and the torture of minors in Daraa in 2011, actions which are cited as catalysts for the subsequent national uprising. Concurrent with the in-person prosecution of Najib, the court has issued charges in absentia against several high-ranking figures who have exited the country. These include former President Bashar al-Assad and his brother, Maher al-Assad, both of whom are believed to be residing in Russia. Maher al-Assad, the former commander of the 4th Armored Division, faces allegations involving extortion, drug trafficking, and the operation of unauthorized detention centers. Other defendants charged in absentia include former Defense Minister Fahd Jassem al-Freij and intelligence chiefs Laith al-Ali and Wafiq Nasser. These legal actions occur within a broader political context of transitional governance under interim President Ahmad al-Sharaa. The administration has faced public criticism regarding the perceived latency in implementing the promised transitional justice framework. This judicial effort is situated against the backdrop of a 14-year civil conflict that resulted in approximately 500,000 fatalities and the displacement of millions. Recent state actions indicate an intensification of these efforts, evidenced by the recent arrest of former intelligence officer Amjad Yousef. Perspectives on the trials vary between official state narratives and victim testimonies. The Syrian Ministry of Justice asserts that the proceedings are essential for judicial independence and accountability. Conversely, plaintiffs, such as Ramez Abu Nabbout, have expressed the desire for the maximum legal penalty, specifically the death penalty, citing the killing of civilians during protests at the Omari Mosque.

Conclusion

The Syrian judiciary has established a legal framework for accountability regarding the previous regime, with further hearings scheduled for May 10 to address the charges against both present and absent defendants.

Vocabulary Learning

catalyst (n.)
stimulus / a person or thing that precipitates an event or change催化劑;促成因素
Example:The new policy acted as a catalyst for significant economic growth in the region.
deposed (adj.)
ousted / removed from office or power suddenly and forcefully被廢黜的;被罷免的
Example:The deposed monarch spent his remaining years living in a quiet villa abroad.
extortion (n.)
blackmail / the practice of obtaining something through force or threats勒索;敲詐
Example:The investigation revealed a widespread network of extortion involving high-ranking officials.
in absentia (adv.)
in absence / while not present at the event being referred to缺席地;於當事人不在場的情況下
Example:The defendant was tried and convicted in absentia after fleeing the country to avoid prosecution.
latency (n.)
delay / the state of existing but not yet being developed or manifest延遲;滯後
Example:The latency in the judicial process has caused significant distress to the victims' families.

Sentence Learning

A court in Damascus has initiated the first public trials aimed at prosecuting former officials of the deposed administration of Bashar al-Assad, following the government's removal from power in December 2024.
Reduced Relative Clause: The past participle 'aimed' functions as a reduced relative clause (shortened from 'which are aimed'), streamlining the description of the trials for formal brevity.省略關係子句: 過去分詞 'aimed' 用作省略了關係代名詞與助動詞的關係子句(原為 'which are aimed'),使對審判的描述在正式文體中更為精煉。
Concurrent with the in-person prosecution of Najib, the court has issued charges in absentia against several high-ranking figures who have exited the country.
Adjectival Fronting: Placing the adjectival phrase 'Concurrent with...' at the start of the sentence establishes a sophisticated logical and temporal link between two simultaneous judicial actions.形容詞短語前置: 將形容詞短語 'Concurrent with...' 置於句首,在兩個同時進行的司法行動之間建立了高級的邏輯與時序聯繫。
These include former President Bashar al-Assad and his brother, Maher al-Assad, both of whom are believed to be residing in Russia.
Quantifier with Relative Pronoun: The structure 'both of whom' is a high-level relative clause construction used to provide additional information about multiple specific antecedents.數量詞結合關係代名詞: 'both of whom' 結構屬於高階關係子句用法,用於對多個特定的先行詞提供補充資訊。
The administration has faced public criticism regarding the perceived latency in implementing the promised transitional justice framework.
Nominalization and Lexical Density: The use of 'latency' and 'implementing' (gerund) transforms actions into abstract concepts, creating a dense, academic tone characteristic of C2-level reporting.名詞化與詞彙密度: 使用 'latency' 和 'implementing'(動名詞)將動作轉化為抽象概念,營造出 C2 級別報導特有的嚴謹學術語調。
Recent state actions indicate an intensification of these efforts, evidenced by the recent arrest of former intelligence officer Amjad Yousef.
Supplementary Participle Clause: The clause beginning with 'evidenced by' serves as a non-restrictive adjunct, providing immediate evidentiary support for the main clause's assertion.補充性分詞子句: 以 'evidenced by' 開頭的子句充當非限制性附加語,為主要子句的論點提供即時的證據支持。