India Adds More Judges to Courts

Counting & Comparing

Look at how the text describes numbers. To reach A2, you need to show change and quantity.

1. The 'Instead' Switch When one number replaces another, we use instead of.

• Example: 37 judges $\rightarrow$ instead of $\rightarrow$ 33 judges.
• Meaning: The old number (33) is gone; the new number (37) is here.

2. The 'More Than' Rule When a number is bigger than a specific limit, use more than.

• Example: More than 93,000 cases.
• Simple Tip: Use this for any number that is not exact (e.g., "I have more than 5 apples").

3. Needs vs. Has Notice the difference between what is real now and what is wanted:

• Has = Current reality (It has 58 judges).
• Needs = The goal (It needs 85).

Quick Vocabulary List

• Add: To put more in (+)
• Faster: To move with more speed ($\text{slow} \rightarrow \text{fast} \rightarrow \text{faster}$)

The 'Precision Shift': Moving from General to Specific

At the A2 level, students often use generic verbs like do, make, or get. To reach B2, you must use Precise Action Verbs. This article is a goldmine for this transition.

The Upgrade Path

Instead of saying "The government made a law," the text uses Approved. Instead of "The law changes the number," the text uses Amendment (as a noun) and Increase.

Look at these B2-level replacements found in the text:

• Help $\rightarrow$ Authorize (Giving official permission)
• Fix/Solve $\rightarrow$ Clear a backlog (Removing a pile of old work)
• Grow $\rightarrow$ Steady growth (Consistent, controlled increase)

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Connecting Ideas (The Logical Glue)

A2 speakers use And, But, and Because. B2 speakers use Transition Markers to guide the reader. Notice how this text builds a bridge between ideas:

1. "Furthermore..." $\rightarrow$ Use this when you aren't just adding a fact, but adding a stronger or more detailed point.
2. "In addition to..." $\rightarrow$ This allows you to mention one thing while immediately introducing another, making your sentences longer and more fluid.

The 'Legal' Logic Structure

Observe the phrase: "intended to help clear a backlog."

B2 Secret: Using "intended to" is a sophisticated way to explain the purpose of an action. It sounds more professional than saying "They want to..."

Quick Comparison: A2: They want to fix the cases. B2: These appointments are intended to clear the backlog of cases.

The Architecture of 'Nominal Precision'

At the B2 level, learners describe actions using general verbs (increase, help, pay). To ascend to C2, one must master Nominal Precision—the ability to replace common verbs with high-register, domain-specific terminology that encodes precise legal and administrative meaning.

⚡ The Semantic Shift

Observe how the text eschews common verbs in favor of stately alternatives:

• Instead of "Pay": $\rightarrow$ "Discharged via the Consolidated Fund"
  • Analysis: 'Discharged' here doesn't mean released from prison; it refers to the fulfillment of a financial obligation. This is polysemic mastery.
• Instead of "Increase": $\rightarrow$ "Augmenting the sanctioned strength"
  • Analysis: 'Augment' implies a strategic addition to a pre-existing structure, whereas 'increase' is merely quantitative.
• Instead of "Based on": $\rightarrow$ "Predicated upon the necessity"
  • Analysis: 'Predicated upon' suggests a logical or foundational dependency, essential for academic and judicial writing.

🏛️ The 'Institutional' Lexicon

C2 proficiency is characterized by the use of collocations that feel native to the bureaucracy. Notice the pairing of:

• Sanctioned strength (The official approved number)
• Legislative instrument (The formal tool used to create law)
• Escalating docket (The growing list of cases)
• Institutional deficit (A systemic lack of resources/personnel)

C2 Insight: The text avoids the word "problem" entirely. Instead, it uses "substantial caseload," "institutional deficit," and "case pendency." By nominalizing the problem, the writer transforms a complaint into a professional observation.

🔍 Syntactic Density

Look at this construction: "...thereby augmenting the sanctioned strength of puisne judges from 33 to 37."

This is a participial phrase used to express a result. A B2 student would write: "...and this will increase the number of judges." The C2 writer integrates the result directly into the action using "thereby + [verb-ing]", creating a seamless, high-density flow of information.