Countries Spend More Money on Armies

A2

Countries Spend More Money on Armies

Introduction

A new report says countries spent almost 2.9 trillion dollars on their militaries in 2025. This is the eleventh year in a row that spending went up.

Main Body

The United States, China, and Russia spent the most money. Together, they spent more than half of all the money. The US spent 954 billion dollars. This is less than before, but the US will spend more in 2026 and 2027. Europe spent more money on defense. Germany and Spain increased their spending. This happened because of the war in Ukraine. Russia and Ukraine also spent a very large part of their money on soldiers and weapons. Asia spent more money too. China, Japan, and Taiwan all spent more. These countries are worried about safety in their area. In the Middle East, spending stayed almost the same. Israel and Iran spent a bit less money.

Conclusion

Countries around the world are spending more money on their militaries. They do this because they feel unsafe.

Vocabulary Learning

safety (n.)
state of being safe安全
Example:Safety is important at work.
soldiers (n.)
military personnel士兵
Example:Soldiers must follow orders.
spending (n.)
expenditure / spending money花費
Example:The country's spending on education has increased.
war (n.)
conflict between nations戰爭
Example:The war in Ukraine has caused many problems.
weapons (n.)
armaments such as guns and bombs武器
Example:The country increased its weapons production.

Sentence Learning

This is less than before, but the US will spend more in 2026 and 2027.
Connector: The word 'but' shows a contrast between two ideas.連接詞: 'but' 一詞表示兩個想法之間的對比。
This happened because of the war in Ukraine.
Reason: The word 'because' explains why something happened.原因: 'because' 一詞解釋了事情發生的原因。
These countries are worried about safety in their area.
Prepositional Phrase: The phrase 'in their area' shows location.介詞短語: 'in their area' 一詞表示位置。
B2

Global Military Spending Reaches Nearly 2.9 Trillion Dollars in 2025

Introduction

A report from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) shows that global military spending has increased for the eleventh year in a row, reaching approximately $2.89 trillion in 2025.

Main Body

Total spending grew by 2.9 percent compared to 2024. The United States, China, and Russia spent a combined $1.48 trillion, which is more than half of the global total. As a result, the global military burden—the percentage of the world's GDP spent on defense—reached 2.5 percent, its highest level since 2009. In the United States, spending fell by 7.5 percent to $954 billion because no new military aid for Ukraine was approved. However, experts claim this drop is temporary. The U.S. Congress has already authorized over $1 trillion for 2026, and spending could rise to $1.5 trillion in 2027 if President Donald Trump's budget proposal is accepted. Meanwhile, European spending rose by 14 percent to $864 billion. This increase was caused by the conflict in Ukraine and a belief that the U.S. is less involved in regional security, which has pushed European countries to improve their own defense systems. For example, Germany's spending rose by 24 percent, and Spain's increased by 50 percent. Spending in Asia and Oceania grew by 8.5 percent to $681 billion, marking the largest annual increase since 2009. China's spending reached $336 billion, continuing a growth trend that has lasted thirty years. Japan and Taiwan also increased their budgets, which analysts emphasize is a response to regional threats and uncertainty about U.S. security guarantees. In contrast, spending in the Middle East remained stable. Israel's spending dropped slightly following a ceasefire in Gaza, while Iran's spending appeared to decrease due to high inflation, although the actual amount spent remained high.

Conclusion

Global defense spending continues to rise as countries react to political instability and changing security alliances, with the most significant growth occurring in Europe and Asia.

Vocabulary Learning

conflict (n.)
a serious disagreement or struggle衝突
Example:The conflict in Ukraine has led to higher military spending.
increased (v.)
to become larger or greater增加
Example:The defense budget increased by 15% in 2025.
instability (n.)
lack of steadiness or consistency不穩定
Example:Political instability can cause fluctuations in defense budgets.
regional (adj.)
relating to a particular area or part of a country地區的
Example:European countries are strengthening their regional security.
spending (n.)
the amount of money used for something開支
Example:The country's spending on defense increased by 10% last year.

Sentence Learning

The United States, China, and Russia spent a combined $1.48 trillion, which is more than half of the global total.
Relative Clause: This clause adds essential information about the amount relative to the global total.關係子句: 此子句提供了有關美中俄三國支出在全球總額中所佔比例的必要資訊。
In the United States, spending fell by 7.5 percent to $954 billion because no new military aid for Ukraine was approved.
Passive Voice: The verb phrase "was approved" shifts focus from the subject to the action.被動語態: 動詞短語「was approved」將焦點從主語轉向動作本身。
Israel's spending dropped slightly following a ceasefire in Gaza, while Iran's spending appeared to decrease due to high inflation, although the actual amount spent remained high.
Contrast Linking Words: The conjunctions "while" and "although" show contrast between two situations.對比連接詞: 連接詞「while」和「although」用來顯示兩種不同情況之間的對比。
Spending in Asia and Oceania grew by 8.5 percent to $681 billion, marking the largest annual increase since 2009.
Participial Clause: The phrase "marking the largest annual increase" functions as a participial clause that gives additional information.分詞短語: 短語「marking the largest annual increase」作為分詞短語提供額外資訊。
The U.S. Congress has already authorized over $1 trillion for 2026, and spending could rise to $1.5 trillion in 2027 if President Donald Trump’s budget proposal is accepted.
Conditional Clause: The "if" clause expresses a condition that could lead to a future outcome.條件子句: 「if」子句表達一個條件,若滿足則可能導致未來結果。
C2

Global Military Expenditure Reaches Nearly 2.9 Trillion Dollars in 2025

Introduction

A report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) indicates that global military spending increased for the eleventh consecutive year, totaling approximately $2.89 trillion in 2025.

Main Body

The aggregate expenditure grew by 2.9 percent relative to 2024, with the United States, China, and Russia collectively accounting for $1.48 trillion, or more than half of the total. This growth resulted in the global military burden—the proportion of worldwide GDP allocated to defense—reaching its highest level since 2009 at 2.5 percent. In the United States, spending decreased by 7.5 percent to $954 billion, a decline attributed to the absence of new approved financial military aid for Ukraine. However, this reduction is projected to be temporary, as the U.S. Congress has authorized spending exceeding $1 trillion for 2026, with potential increases to $1.5 trillion in 2027 contingent upon the approval of President Donald Trump's budget proposal. European expenditure increased by 14 percent to $864 billion, driven by the conflict in Ukraine and a perceived reduction in U.S. engagement, which has prompted European nations to enhance their autonomous defense capabilities. Germany's spending rose 24 percent to $114 billion, while Spain's expenditure increased by 50 percent to $40.2 billion, exceeding 2 percent of its GDP for the first time since 1994. Russia and Ukraine recorded the highest shares of government spending on the military, with Russia's budget increasing 5.9 percent to $190 billion (7.5 percent of GDP) and Ukraine's rising 20 percent to $84.1 billion (40 percent of GDP). Spending in Asia and Oceania grew by 8.5 percent to $681 billion, the most significant annual increase since 2009. China's estimated expenditure was $336 billion, continuing a three-decade trend of annual growth. Other regional increases included Japan, which raised spending by 9.7 percent to $62.2 billion (1.4 percent of GDP), and Taiwan, which saw a 14 percent increase to $18.2 billion. These trends are analyzed as responses to regional threat perceptions and uncertainty regarding U.S. security commitments. Conversely, Middle Eastern expenditure remained relatively stable, increasing by 0.1 percent to $218 billion. Israel's spending decreased by 4.9 percent to $48.3 billion following a January 2025 ceasefire in Gaza, though it remains 97 percent higher than 2022 levels. Iran's spending decreased by 5.6 percent to $7.4 billion; however, SIPRI notes that this decline is a result of 42 percent annual inflation, and spending actually increased in nominal terms.

Conclusion

Global defense spending continues to rise as nations respond to geopolitical instability and shifting security alliances, with Europe and Asia showing the most significant growth trends.

Vocabulary Learning

autonomous (adj.)
self-governing; independent自主的
Example:European nations have been developing autonomous defense capabilities.
ceasefire (n.)
a temporary stoppage of fighting停火
Example:The ceasefire in Gaza was announced in January 2025.
geopolitical (adj.)
relating to politics, especially international relations, as affected by geographical factors地緣政治的
Example:The geopolitical instability in the region has prompted increased military spending.
inflation (n.)
the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising通貨膨脹
Example:The 42 percent annual inflation has impacted Ukraine's budget.
nominal (adj.)
existing in name only; not actual or substantial名義上的
Example:The budget was nominally increased, but the real terms showed a decline.

Sentence Learning

The aggregate expenditure grew by 2.9 percent relative to 2024, with the United States, China, and Russia collectively accounting for $1.48 trillion, or more than half of the total.
Nominalization: The noun 'expenditure' is a nominalization of the verb 'expend', condensing the action of spending into a noun to focus on the quantity rather than the action.名詞化: 'expenditure' 將動詞 'expend' 的行為濃縮為名詞,讓句子以數量為主而非動作。
However, this reduction is projected to be temporary, as the U.S. Congress has authorized spending exceeding $1 trillion for 2026, with potential increases to $1.5 trillion in 2027 contingent upon the approval of President Donald Trump's budget proposal.
Conditional Clause: The phrase 'contingent upon the approval of President Donald Trump's budget proposal' introduces a condition that must be met for the potential increase to occur, forming a complex conditional expressed with a prepositional phrase.條件子句: 'contingent upon the approval of President Donald Trump's budget proposal' 表示在此條件滿足時才可能發生增額。
European expenditure increased by 14 percent to $864 billion, driven by the conflict in Ukraine and a perceived reduction in U.S. engagement, which has prompted European nations to enhance their autonomous defense capabilities.
Relative Clause: The relative clause 'which has prompted European nations to enhance their autonomous defense capabilities' modifies the preceding noun phrase 'a perceived reduction in U.S. engagement', providing additional information about the cause of the action.關係子句: 'which has prompted...' 修飾前面的名詞短語,說明美國參與減少所引發的影響。
Israel's spending decreased by 4.9 percent to $48.3 billion following a January 2025 ceasefire in Gaza, though it remains 97 percent higher than 2022 levels.
Concessive Clause: The clause 'though it remains 97 percent higher than 2022 levels' expresses a concession, indicating that despite the decrease, the spending is still high.讓步子句: 'though it remains...' 表示儘管有減少,支出仍高於 2022 年。
Global defense spending continues to rise as nations respond to geopolitical instability and shifting security alliances, with Europe and Asia showing the most significant growth trends.
Adverbial Clause: The clause 'as nations respond to geopolitical instability and shifting security alliances' explains the reason for the continued rise in defense spending.原因狀語從句: 'as nations respond...' 說明國際政治不穩與安全同盟變化導致支出上升。